Business and Psychology

Business and Psychology
Modern psychology is divided into several sub disciplines, each based on differing models of behavior and mental processes. Psychologists work in a number of different settings, including universities and colleges, primary and secondary schools, government agencies, private industry, hospitals, clinics, and private practices. Recent years have seen a rise in the significance of applied psychology—as can be seen from the areas contemporary psychologists concern themselves with—with an attendant decline in the importance of psychology in academia. Businesses are increasingly recognizing the valuable contribution psychologists can make to their organizations. Psychologists primarily focus on helping businesses deal with people issues. They use particular tools and techniques to improve how businesses select their staff; design and shape the culture of their organizations; design jobs; help develop employee satisfaction and motivation; implement and evaluate leadership and training programs; provide career development
At present , psychology are directly impact on business and related issues . In every sector and sub-sector of business psychology played a vital role in overall aspect. There are some specialized sector of psychology, among them industrial psychology and social psychology are directly engaged and involved with business related activities. There are two equally important aspects of industrial psychology field . First it involves the study of human side of organization and second it includes application of the principles and findings of the related research works.
Industrial and organizational psychology (I/O) is among the newest fields in psychology. Industrial Psychology focuses on improving, evaluating, and predicting job performance while Organizational Psychology focuses on how organizations impact and interact with individuals. In 1910, through the works and experiments of Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott, Industrial Psychology became recognized as a legitimate part of the social science.[21] Organizational Psychology was not officially added until the 1970s and since then, the field has flourished. The Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology has approximately 3400 professional members and 1900 student members. These two numbers combine to make up only about four percent of the members in the American Psychological Association but the number has been rising since 1939 when there were only one hundred professional I/O psychologists.[21]
I/O psychologists are employed by academic institutions, consulting firms, internal human resources in industries, and governmental institutions. Various universities across the United States are beginning to strengthen their I/O Psychology programs due to the increase of interest and job demand in the field.[21]
Industrial organizational psychologists look at questions regarding things such as who to hire, how to define and measure successful job performance, how to prepare people to be more successful in their jobs, how to create and change jobs so that they are safer and make people happier, and how to structure the organization to allow people to achieve their potential.
Some key issues related to Business and Psychology

Psychology for Business Success: examines key aspects of business activity and how business psychology can be applied to give a competitive advantage. There is also an element of Consumer Psychology included here. Consultants visiting from the Association of Business Psychologists give the majority of the lectures.
Organizational Learning, Innovation and Creativity: this module explores the concept of what is meant by learning at individual, group and organizational levels and how this relates to developing innovation. You also explore new approaches to product innovation.
Selection and Development for Business Success: analyses the elements that constitute a successful selection procedure. You also examine assessment and development programmes and how these can influence the performance of businesses.
Organizational Culture and Change: analyses organizations from an anthropological and psychoanalytical viewpoint. The metaphors of culture and Freudian theory will be used to examine how individuals experience groups and organizations.
Decision Making, Leadership and Motivation: looks at the elements of leadership and what differentiates it from management. Different leadership styles are examined and their relationship with commitment and motivation explored.
Research Methods and Consultancy Skills: you acquire skills in a variety of research methodologies and develop skills in data collection, analysis and interpretation. Mini-projects are undertaken in organizational settings in order to develop the negotiation and intervention skills essential for the consultant.
Overall I can stay on tune that Psychology has a bond relationship with business and has great impact on it’s affairs and related issues . If we can understand and apply the knowledge of psychology in business it will provide more fruitful output.

Barclays Premier League transfers

Barclays Premier League transfers
Keep up to date with all of the latest comings and goings in the Barclays Premier League.
Arsenal
IN: Aaron Ramsey (Cardiff City, £5million), Samir Nasri (Marseille, undisclosed)
OUT: Mathieu Flamini (AC Milan, free transfer), Jens Lehmann (VfB Stuttgart, free transfer), Alexander Hleb (Barcelona, £11.8million), Gilberto (Panathinaikos, undisclosed)
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Aston Villa
IN: Curtis Davies (West Bromwich Albion, undisclosed), Steve Sidwell (Chelsea, £5million)
OUT: Olof Mellberg (Juventus, free transfer), Patrick Berger (released), Luke Moore (West Bromwich Albion, £3million), Thomas Sorensen (released)
Blackburn rovers
OUT: Peter Enckleman (released), Stephane Henchoz (released), Bruno Berner (released)
Bolton Wanderers
IN: Johan Elmander (Toulouse, undisclosed), Fabrice Muamba (Birmingham City, £5million)
OUT: Stelios Giannakopolus (released), Ivan Campo (released), Andranik Teymourian (Fulham, free transfer), Daniel Braaten (Toulouse, exchange)
Chelsea
IN: Jose Bosingwa (FC Porto, £16million), Deco (Barcelona, £8million),
OUT: Ben Sahar (Portsmouth, loan), Hernan Crespo (released), Slobodan Rajkovic (FC Twente, loan), Steve Sidwell (Aston Villa, £5million), Claude Makelele (Paris St Germain, free transfer), Khalid Boulahrouz (VfB Stuttgart, undisclosed)
Everton
OUT: Lee Carsley (Birmingham City, free transfer), Stefan Wessels (released), Bjarni Vidarsson (released), Patrick Boyle (released)
Fulham
IN: Mark Schwarzer (Middlesbrough, free transfer), David Stockdale (Darlington, undisclosed), Zoltan Gera (West Bromwich Albion, free transfer), Andranik Teymourian (Bolton Wanderers, free transfer), Toni Kallio (BSC Young Boys, undisclosed), Bobby Zamora (West Ham United, undisclosed), John Pantsil (West Ham United, undisclosed)
OUT: Carlos Bocanegra (Rennes, free transfer), Jari Litmanen (released), Phillippe Christanval (released), Simon Elliott (released), Ian Pearce (released), Michael Timlin (released), Ismael Ehui (released). Bjorn Runstrom (released), Brian McBride (released), Dejan Stefanovic (Norwich City, undisclosed), Elliot Omozusi (Norwich City, loan), Tony Warner (Hull City, free transfer)
Hull City
IN: Craig Fagen (Derby County, £750,000), Geovanni (Manchester City, free transfer), Bernard Mendy (Paris St Germain, free transfer), Tony Warner (Fulham, free transfer), George Boateng (Middlesbrough, £1million), Peter Halmosi (Plymouth Argyle, undisclosed)
OUT: David Livermore (released), Jay-Jay Okocha (released), Stuart Elliott (Doncaster Rovers, undisclosed)
Liverpool
IN: Philipp Degen, (Borussia Dortmund, free transfer), Andrea Dossena (Udinese, undisclosed), Diego Cavaleri (Palmeiras, undisclosed), Emmanuel Mendy (Murcia Deportivo, undisclosed)
OUT: Harry Kewell (Galatasary, free transfer), John Arne Riise (AS Roma, £3.96million), Anthony Le Tallec (Le Mans, undisclosed) Peter Crouch (Portsmouth, £11million), Scott Carson (West Bromwich Albion, £3.25million), Danny Guthrie (Newcastle United, undisclosed)
Manchester City
IN: Jo (CSKA Moscow, undisclosed)
OUT: Jihai Sun (Sheffield United, free transfer), Paul Dickov (released), Emile Mpenza (released), Andreas Isaksson (PSV Eindhoven, undisclosed), Geovanni (Hull City, free transfer), Georgios Samaras (Celtic, undisclosed)
Manchester United
OUT: Gerard Pique (Barcelona, undisclosed), Kieran Lee (Oldham Athletic, free)
Middlesbrough
IN: Marvin Emnes (Sparta Rotterdam, £3.2million), Didier Digard (Paris Saint Germain, £4million)
OUT: Dong-Gook Lee (released), Fabio Rochemback (released), Gaizka Mendieta (released), Mark Schwarzer (Fulham, free transfer), George Boateng (Hull City, £1million)
Newcastle United
IN: Jonas Guiterrez (Real Mallorca, undisclosed), Danny Guthrie (Liverpool, undisclosed)
OUT: Stephen Carr (released), Peter Ramage (Queens Park Rangers, free transfer), James Troisi (released), David Rozehnal (Lazio, £2.9m)
Portsmouth
IN: Ben Sahar (Chelsea, loan), Glen Little (Reading, free), Peter Crouch (Liverpool, £11million)
Stoke City
IN: Dave Kitson (Reading, £5.5million)
OUT: Marlon Broomes (Blackpool, free transfer), Russell Hoult (released), Dominic Matteo (released)
Sunderland
OUT: Andy Cole (released), Ian Harte (released), Stephen Wright (released), Stanislav Varga (released), Greg Halford (Sheffield United, loan)
Tottenham Hotspur
IN: Luka Modric (Dinamo Zagreb, £16.6m), Giovani dos Santos (Barcelona, £4.7m), John Bostock (Crystal Palace, £700,000)
OUT: Simon Dawkins (Leyton Orient, loan)
West Bromwich Albion
IN: Roman Bednar (Heart of Midlothian, undisclosed), Michal Danek (Viktoria Plzen, loan), Kim Do-Heon (Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma, £550,000), Luke Moore (Aston Villa, £3million), Gianni Zuiverloon (Heerenveen, £3.2million), Graham Dorrans (Livingston, £100,000), Marek Cech (FC Porto, £1.4million), Scott Carson (Liverpool, £3.25million)
OUT: Luke Steele (Barnsley, free), Zoltan Gera (Fulham, free transfer), Martin Albrechtsen (Derby County, free transfer), Curtis Davies (Aston Villa, undisclosed), Kevin Phillips (Birmingham City, free)
West Ham United
IN: Holmar Orn Eyjolfsson (HK Kopavogur, undisclosed),
OUT: Nolberto Solano (released), Bobby Zamora (Fulham, undisclosed), John Pantsil (Fulham, undisclosed)
Wigan Athletic
IN: Daniel De Ridder (Birmingham City, free transfer), Olivier Kapo (Birmingham City, £3.5million), Amr Zaki (Zamalek, loan)
OUT: Solomon Olembe (released), Josip Skoko (released), Andrew Webster (Glasgow Rangers, undisclosed), Julius Agahowa (Kayserispor, undisclosed), Andreas Granqvist (FC Groningen, undisclosed)

The wealthy are not happy

Many people say that “most rich people are not happy” as what we always imagine. They might have a lot of money and they can own most of the things that they want. However, in fact they have lost something valuable that make them regret and unhappy. According to the expert, they will unhappy only if they have the lack of 5 categories of “needs”. The reasons for which the wealthy are not happy or the 5 “needs” are needs of relationship, needs of having good health, needs of emotional bonding, needs of independence and needs for mental satisfaction.
Besides money, they are also looking for love, cares and encouragements from their friends and families. While they are fighting for their goal to be wealthy, they need some supports or encouragements from people around them. After they succeed, they always look for someone to celebrate and share our success. This is our human nature of thinking. According to the expert, most people will ignore their relationship with others and hence break it. This is also the main reason why some wealthy people are not happy because they lose their loving one.
It is known to all that “health is our biggest wealth”. So in order to be happy, we must own 2 kinds of “wealth”. One is money and another is our health. Sometimes the wealthy people are getting too busy to their activities for what they can’t take proper care of their health and their body becomes weak and sick, they will not have the power and mood to spend their money to get something they like. Instead, they always spend their money on medical treatment. Finally, their life will be suffering and gloom and gradually they become unhappy.
We believe that our emotion is very important for us and it can affect anything in our life directly. Emotional control means controlling our emotion. We found that by controlling our emotion, we can actually handle other fields of our life too. Sometimes the wealthy people can’t control over their emotion and being angry in certain time, for this reason they actually involve in a lot of argument and conclude their relationship with people around them. If they can control their emotion and also others’ emotion, they can run their business very well and make lot of money. Or even for the most basic, they can control their emotion and be happy at anytime, anywhere that they want to. At this moment, they don’t really depend on money to be happy instead they can control their emotion and be happy.
We all love freedom; people have different definition on time freedom. In general, time freedom means that you can have more choice to do something you like instead of follow a fix schedule. Most of the wealthy people have busy and fix schedule the reason why they becomes unhappy with their job is because it controls their time. They just feel they are in lacking of choice and freedom on their time because they have to go to their office in certain time. Besides that it also disturbs their life too. So we want to say that if we own most of the money in the world but we don’t have time to do something that we enjoy and love then we might suffer from our life. Thus the wealthier become unhappy.
Wealthy people, by their nature/attitude, a way of life they chose for themselves, can never have enough of anything. Wanting is what drives them on. They will get dissatisfied with in every aspect that they achieved. It gives them stress and they become disappointed. Sometimes wealthy people convince themselves that wealth and happiness is the same thing. They aren't, but wealth is what they substitute for happiness. They have no idea what happiness is. But they are quite prepared to tell everyone else that wealth is happiness. They use those who believe them as their support system. On the other hand, it seems like some people are having this misconception that being wealthy will actually hold up your happiness. But, while I do agree that having money/ not having money will not make you happier as well. Hence, I would definitely rather to be unhappy with money than unhappy without it.
Happy conditions do not make you happy. It is being happy that causes happy conditions. We know that our heart knew the best for us. Sometime it is good for us to follow our personal perception. Our subconscious actually knew what is good and what is bad for us. So our personal perception can be a good signal from our subconscious mind. So follow it and we can live happily.

The problems we face while using Public transportation in Dhaka city

In ancient times, people often covered long distances on foot. For instance, even today it is not uncommon for people in rural areas to commute several kilometers every day. But now-a-days both rural areas and towns transportation plays a significance role for communication.
Transportation in developing countries is of great significance because of its contribution to national and regional economic, industrial, social, and cultural development. However, most developing countries are facing problems related to traffic and transportation. Inadequate transportation facilities slow down the process of socioeconomic development in a country. Especially in a heavily populated country such as Bangladesh, managing different aspects of transportation is a difficult task.

The most important problem concerning transportation professionals in Bangladesh is that of highway safety. Ministry of Transport figures show that approximately (5000-10,000) people died in road accidents in each year. The fatality rates are high in many cities in the subcontinent. Another important problem is personal security. By the time of transportation people should concern about it, because there is a chance of being injured or hijacked in any transport both at day & night. The growing trend toward private transportation increases congestion. The way to avoid congestion is to travel by mass transport or railways. Roads are getting jam-packed because more vehicles travel on them, sometimes the street beggars and hawkers are also reasonable for this traffic-jam and that is the biggest problem in transportation of Bangladesh. Most of the transport has limited space to carry passengers and loads, so there is a difficulty in carrying heavy loads. There is a limitation of good public transport in Bangladesh also alternatives to public transport aren’t available. That’s why to journey both in public and private transport should take a long wait. Sometimes there is a possibility of cancellations of any private transport without any declaration. Most of the time private transport isn’t running in 24 hours, so people can’t travel according to necessary. There is a limitation of stoppage/station also, so people can’t ride at the place they want, they should wait for the vehicle or go to the stoppage first. There are many vehicles which aren’t well-furnished, so the passengers suffered at the bad weathers. The vehicle owner never concern about being on time and the length of journey time compared with another schedule. Sometimes it is hard to get information about a journey. In many cases the behavior of ticket-collector/ conductor or passengers aren’t good. Both the public and private transportation systems having lack of cleanliness, discomfort of the ride, hassle of buying tickets, charging high cost and difficulties getting on and off.

Finally, we can say there is too difficulties in daily transportation of Bangladesh both the public and private sector. Although there is a large private-sector involvement in transportation, government plays a large regulatory and developmental role. We expect Bangladeshi government should pass legislation to control vehicles on roads and enforce tougher environmental regulations. With the majority of World Bank funds allocated toward transportation and highways, the government should adopt the latest technology and introduce mass rapid transit to reduce congestion and accidents on roads.

Online shop comparison

Online shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the Internet. An online shop, e-shop, e-store, Internet shop, web shop, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping mall. Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly, or do a search across many different vendors using a shopping search engine. Online shoppers commonly use their credit card for making payments, however some systems enable users to create accounts and pay by alternative. Once a payment has been accepted the goods or services can be delivered.
Comparison of Amazon & ebay:

Criteria
Amazon
e-bay
1)Product
Books
Movies, Music & Games
Digital Downloads
Electronics & Computers
Home & Garden
Grocery
Toys, Kids & Baby
Apparel, Shoes & Jewelry
Health & Beauty
Toys, Kids & Baby
Apparel, Shoes & Jewelry
Health & Beauty

AntiquesArtBabyBooksBusiness & IndustrialCameras & PhotoCars, Boats, Vehicles & PartsCell Phones & PDAsClothing, Shoes & Accessories Computers & NetworkingConsumer ElectronicsCraftsDolls & BearsDVDs & MoviesEntertainment MemorabiliaGift CertificatesHealth & BeautyHome & GardenJewelry & WatchesMusicMusical Instruments Real EstateSpecialty ServicesSporting Goods Toys & HobbiesTravelVideo Games




Criteria
Amazon
e-bay
2)Determination of price
Usually the prices of product provided by Amazon are determined by the authority and the amount is fixed. But the customers get/receive different types of rebates, discounts and many other promotional offers in case of buying products from the sites.

The customers get/receive different types of rebates, discounts and many other promotional offers in case of buying products from the sites.
e-bay authority determined the price and the amount is fixed



Criteria
Amazon
e-bay
3)Payment system
Amazon.com Platinum Visa Card:
Amazon.com Corporate Account Credit Line:
Amazon.com Payments:

· PayPal
· Credit card
· Personal checks, cashier's checks, or money orders




Criteria
Amazon
e-bay
4)Delivery system
Amazon Prime:
Marketplace Shipping
International Shipping
Super Saver Shipping :


Download:
Shipping:
Drop shipping:

Online shop

Online shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the Internet. An online shop, e-shop, e-store, Internet shop, web shop, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping mall.

Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly, or do a search across many different vendors using a shopping search engine. Online shoppers commonly use their credit card for making payments, however some systems enable users to create accounts and pay by alternative. Once a payment has been accepted the goods or services can be delivered.

Amazon

Placing Your First Order
Placing an order with Amazon.com is easy. There's no need to create an account first. You automatically create an account when you place your first order online. (We cannot accept orders by phone, fax, or e-mail. All orders must be placed online.)
Here are the steps you need to follow to place an order. If you have any problems when following these steps, please read our Troubleshooting Tips.
Find the Items You Want
Add the Items to Your Shopping Cart
Proceed to Checkout
Sign In/Create a New Account
Enter a Shipping Address
Choose a Shipping Method
Provide Payment Information and a Password
Review and Submit Your Order
Check Your Order Status





Advantage of amazon
One advantage of shopping online is being able to quickly seek out deals for items or services with many different vendors (though some local search engines do exist to help consumers locate products for sale in nearby stores). Search engines and online price comparison services can be used to look up sellers of a particular product or service.Shoppers find a greater selection online in certain market segments (for example, computers and consumer electronics[18]) and in some cases lower prices. This is due to a relaxation of certain constraints, such as the size of a "brick-and-mortar" store, lower stocking costs (or none, if drop shipping is used), and lower staffing overhead.
Products

Books
Books
Kindle
Textbooks
Magazines & Newspapers
Movies, Music & Games
Movies & TV
Unbox Movie & TV Downloads
Music
MP3 Downloads
Musical Instruments
Video Games
Digital Downloads
Kindle
Unbox Movie & TV Downloads
MP3 Downloads
Amazon Shorts
Electronics & Computers
Audio, TV & Home Theater
Camera & Photo
Computers & PC Hardware
Software
MP3 & Media Players
Kindle
Cell Phones & Service
GPS
Office Products
Video Games
All Electronics
Home & Garden
Home Improvement
Bedding & Bath
Kitchen & Dining
Furniture & Décor
Patio, Lawn & Garden
Home Appliances
Vacuums & Storage
Sewing, Craft & Hobby
Grocery
Grocery
Natural & Organic
Gourmet Food
Health & Personal Care
Household Supplies
Pet Supplies
Fresh Flowers & Plants
Toys, Kids & Baby
Toys & Games
Baby
Apparel (Kids & Baby)
Books
Movies
Music
Video Games
Software
Apparel, Shoes & Jewelry
Apparel & Accessories
Shoes
Jewelry
Watches
Health & Beauty
Health & Personal Care
Exercise & Fitness
Beauty
Sports & Outdoors
Camping & Hiking
Cycling
Exercise & Fitness
Fan Gear
Golf
All Sports & Outdoors
Tools, Auto & Industrial
Power & Hand Tools
Outdoor Power Equipment
Home Improvement
Lighting & Electrical
Plumbing Fixtures
Automotive
Industrial & Scientific


Determination of prices :
Usually the prices of product provided by Amazon are determined by the authority and the amount is fixed. But the customers get/receive different types of rebates, discounts and many other promotional offers in case of buying products from the sites.


Payment Methods
Amazon.com accepts American Express, Diners Club, Discover, JCB, MasterCard, Eurocard, Visa, Visa Check Cards, payment from your bank account, Amazon.com gift cards, Amazon Store Card, Webcertificates, and checks, money orders, traveler's checks, or cashier's checks denominated in U.S. dollars and drawn on a U.S. bank. Additionally, we accept Borders Gift Cards and Waldenbooks Gift Cards as payment for qualifying orders.
Amazon.com does not currently accept international wire transfers, PayPal, or Smart Cards. For grocery purchases, we are unable to apply manufacturer's coupons, food stamps, or any other payment method not listed above.
Other noteworthy information:
Amazon.com Platinum Visa Card: for customers who want to earn points toward free rewards with every purchase
Amazon.com Corporate Account Credit Line: for businesses looking to pay online by purchase order
Amazon.com Payments: for Amazon Merchants and Marketplace purchases

Payment Declines
If customer receive a message that we were unable to authorize payment from your bank account, If customer receive a message that we were unable to authorize or charge your credit card, please check with the issuing bank for your card. Credit cards may be declined for a variety of reasons, such as a technical error during processing, and we do not have access to further information.
If customer placed your order with Amazon.com, we will try charging the same card again if you do not submit updated information. Typically, we attempt to charge a credit card daily for one week before canceling your order. If the customer was placed with an Amazon Merchant, the order has been canceled. You are welcome to place a new order using a different payment method.If the order was placed through Amazon Marketplace, you will have an opportunity to resubmit payment. If the second attempt to process the charge also fails, your order will be canceled

Delivery
Their estimated shipping dates are based on several factors, including your destination address, how quickly we can obtain and assemble items for shipment (the "usually ships within" time listed on a product's detail page), and whether you have requested that we minimize the number of shipments or ship items as they become available. The estimated shipping date is displayed on the order form, just before you place your order.They calculate delivery estimates by taking the estimated shipping date and adding the time it takes a package to travel from our facilities to your destination address, based on the shipping speed you've chosen. Orders for multiple items or multiple copies of a single item can take longer to assemble before we're able to ship them to you.Shipping costs (if applicable) reduce the price advantage of online merchandise, though depending on the jurisdiction, a lack of sales tax may compensate for this.Shipping a small number of items, especially from another country, is much more expensive than making the larger shipments bricks-and-mortar retailers order. Some retailers (especially those selling small, high-value items like electronics) offer free shipping on sufficiently large orders.


http://www.amazon.com/gp/homepage.html/002-5301213-1080810








e-bay


Products provided by ebay
AntiquesArtBabyBooksBusiness & IndustrialCameras & PhotoCars, Boats, Vehicles & PartsCell Phones & PDAsClothing, Shoes & AccessoriesCoins & Paper MoneyCollectiblesComputers & NetworkingConsumer ElectronicsCraftsDolls & BearsDVDs & MoviesEntertainment MemorabiliaGift CertificatesHealth & BeautyHome & GardenJewelry & WatchesMusicMusical InstrumentsPottery & GlassReal EstateSpecialty ServicesSporting GoodsSports Mem, Cards & Fan ShopStampsTicketsToys & HobbiesTravelVideo GamesEverything ElseGiving Works


Payment system of e-bay
There are a number of ways to pay on eBay. Most sellers offer more than one option. Some payment options offer more protection than others, so be sure to select a method of payment that makes customer feel comfortable. The methods of payment
· PayPal
· Credit card
· Personal checks, cashier's checks, or money orders

Delivery system of e-bay

Once a payment has been accepted the goods or services can be delivered in the following ways.
Download: This is the method often used for digital media products such as software, music, movies, or images.
Shipping: The product is shipped to the customer's address.
Drop shipping: The order is passed to the manufacturer or third-party distributor, who ships the item directly to the consumer, bypassing the retailer's physical location to save time, money, and space.
Determination of prices:

Usually the prices of product provided by ebay are determined by the authority and the amount is fixed. But the customers get/receive different types of rebates, discounts and many other promotional offers in case of buying products from the sites.

Gillette and the Men’s wet-Shaving Market

Summary of the case

The name Gillette is introduced by King C. Gillette of Boston who invented the safety razor in 1895. After a decade it has become an established company all over the world of shaving equipments.

The product perfection of eight years Gillette started its operation in the market. It introduced various market operations through achieving booming successes and implementing visionary idea with the Government during world war. Because company founder King Gillette invented the first safety razor, Gillette had always been an industry inventor. It expanded its industry through introducing Blue and Thin blade, silicone-coated blade and the super blue blade in different years compiling the success and the growth of the market as well. In 1948, Gillette began to diversity in to new Markets through acquisition. It acquired the Toni Company, Paper Mate and Sterilon Corporation. In 1988, the Gillette Company was a leading producer of men’s and women’s grooming aids. Gillette introduced a number of innovative shaving systems in the 1970s and 1980s as a part of its strategy to sustain growth. It claimed that Trac II, the first twin-blade shaver represented the most revolutionary shaving advance ever. Gillette also developed a clog-free, dual blade cartridge for the Trac II system. Late in 1976, Gillette, apparently in response to BIC’s pending entrance in to the U.S. market, launched the first disposal razor for men in the United States. Because of BIC’s market operation Gillette came forward with its new dimension of product variation. In 1977, Gillette introduced a new blades and razor system at the expense of Trac II. It launched Atra (Automatic Tracking Razor Action) with $ 7 million advertising campaign and over 50 million $ 2 rebate coupons. It quickly achieved 7% share of the blade and about one-third of the razor market. It also introduced in Europe. In early 1980s, Gillette introduced most new disposal razors and product enhancements which insisted the BIC to move from the U.S. market. Despite these product innovations and introductions of early 1980’s Gillette primarily focused its energies on the Global markets and strategies. By 1985, Gillette was marketed 800 products in more than 200 countries. The company felt a need at this time to coordinate its marketing efforts first regionally and then globally.

Unfortunately for Gillette’s management team, others noticed its strong international capabilities. Ronald Perelman, Chairman of the Revlon Group attempted an unfriendly takeover in November, 1986. At the end Gillette and Perelman signed an agreement preventing Perelman from attempting another takeover until 1996. In 1988, just as Gillette returned its attention to new product development and global marketing, Coniston partners, after obtaining 6 percent of Gillette stock, engaged the company in a proxy battle for 4 seats on its 12 person board. In this regard the second takeover attempt forced Gillette to increase its debt load to $ 2 billion and pushed its total equity negative to $ 84,600.000. Moreover both takeover battles forced Gillette to “wake up”. Gillette closed or sold its Jafra Cosmetics Operations in 11 countries and Jettisoned weak operations. The company also thinned its workforce in many divisions. Despite Gillette’s concentration on fending off takeover attempts, it continued to enhance its razor and blade products. In 1986 it introduced the Contour Plus and in 1988, the company introduced Trac II Plus, Pivot Plus and the Daisy Plus. The warfare launched after capturing 16.2 percent U.S. market share by Schick. Though after few years it was broken down and in 1988 it introduced “guerrilla warfare”. Schick generated approximately 67 percent of its revenues overseas. By the 1988, Schick generated roughly 40 percent of its sales and 35 percent of its profits in Japan. Moreover BIC as like as Gillette frequently introduced new razor products and product enhancements. It also tried its commodity strategy on sail boards, car-top carries and perfume. BIC had exerted quite an influence since its razors first entered the U.S. market in 1976 and in 1988 BIC’s razors generated $52 million in sales with a net income of $ 9.4 million. The BIC’s market operation effected to lowering the Gillette’s profit margin. On the contrary Wilkinson Sword was introduced with its new strategy through customizing razors and other shaving equipments. It developed new dimension of blades and razors and launched R & D as a weapon to capture the market.

In 1988 Paul (Marketing Director of Gillette in Europe) identified that the market share of Gillette has fallen because of increasing competition in the market. Moreover there were nothing special about Gillette’s packaging and display. There were always been on male focused in which there were more women wet shavers rather than men in the U.S. market.

According to the problem Paul become concerned to develop their new strategies.


Internal & External analysis (SWOT)

Strength:

Ø Gillette is the market leader in the field of razor, blade and other shaving equipments.

Ø It has strong management team compiling visionary ideas and strategies.

Ø Gillette is able to capture major portion of the market share through customizing and launching product variations.

Ø It expanded its industry through introducing Blue and Thin blade, silicone-coated blade and the super blue blade, Trac II etc. in different years compiling the success and the growth of the market as well.

Ø It acquired the Toni Company, Paper Mate and Sterilon Corporation.

Ø Gillette Company is a leading producer of men’s and women’s grooming aids.

Ø It launched Atra (Automatic Tracking Razor Action) with $ 7 million advertising campaign and over 50 million $ 2 rebate coupons which quickly achieved 7% share of the blade and about one-third of the razor market.

Ø In early 1980s, Gillette introduced most new disposal razors and product enhancements which insisted the BIC to move from the U.S. market.

Ø By 1985, Gillette marketed 800 products in more than 200 countries.

Ø Gillette is always concerned about their growth including customer satisfaction and R & D process.

Weakness:
Ø Gillette’s management team, others noticed its strong international capabilities.

Ø Ronald Perelman, Chairman of the Revlon Group attempted an unfriendly takeover in November, 1986.

Ø The second takeover attempt forced Gillette to increase its debt load to $ 2 billion and pushed its total equity negative to $ 84,600.000.

Ø Gillette closed or sold its Jafra Cosmetics Operations in 11 countries and Jettisoned weak operations. The company also thinned its workforce in many divisions.

Ø In 1988 Paul (Marketing Director of Gillette in Europe) identified that the market share of Gillette has fallen because of increasing competition in the market.

Ø There were nothing special about Gillette’s packaging and display.

Ø There were always been on male focused in which there were more women wet shavers rather than men in the U.S. market.

Opportunities:
Ø Paul Hankins came in to operation as a Marketing Director of Gillette in Europe with Jim Pear, Vice President to implement a pan-European strategy.

Ø Prior to 1983, Gillette had organized and managed Europe as a classic decentralized market.

Ø The company had treated each country as a separate market.

Ø Gillette had launched Contour Plus, the European version of Atra Plus, in 1985-86.

Ø Paul became to formulate new strategy for Gillette in North Atlantic for shaving products.

Ø According to researchers, men rate system shavers significantly better than disposal razors.

Ø There were more women wet shavers than men in the U.S. market.

Ø Disposable razors are the wave of the future.
Threats:
Ø Schick generated approximately 67 percent of its revenues overseas.

Ø By the 1988, Schick generated roughly 40 percent of its sales and 35 percent of its profits in Japan.

Ø Moreover BIC as like as Gillette frequently introduced new razor products and product enhancements.

Ø BIC had exerted quite an influence since its razors first entered the U.S. market in 1976 and in 1988 BIC’s razors generated $52 million in sales with a net income of $ 9.4 million.

Ø The BIC’s market operation effected to lowering the Gillette’s profit margin.

Ø Wilkinson Sword was introduced with its new strategy through customizing razors and other shaving equipments.

Ø It developed new dimension of blades and razors and launched R & D as a weapon to capture the market.

Ø Competition is increasing day by day.




Problem Identification

Þ Atra blades seem to have leveled off and Trace II blades are declining.

Þ The share of the disposable razor market has fallen.

Þ Every 1 percent switch from system razors to disposable razors represents a loss of $10 million on the bottom line.

Þ Spending on advertising has fallen from $61 million in 1975 to about $15 million in 1987.

Þ Brand name (Gillette) is done in thin block letters on the product which is not I impact.

Þ Loosing focus on the brand name.

Þ There is nothing special about retail packaging and display.

Þ Focusing on male and through separating female who are the larger portion of its market potentiality.




Action Taken by the Gillette:

v Lowering the price of disposable razors and to raise the price of system razors.

v Increase the spending on advertising.

v Sponsoring on athletic events and launching slogan to capture the men over 40.

v Focusing on logos and brand names.

v Focusing the market potentiality of women regarding wet shave.

v Continue the business as usual as a give-up strategy.

v Building up the product image.

v Trying to protect the category profitability by segmenting the market and offering the value to those segments willing to pay for it.

v Continue to invest on R & D.
Recommendation:
Gillette can add more value and image with its product.

It should come up with Brand strategy and focusing on customer satisfaction.

It should introduce attractive advertisement that will capture the consumer’s mind.

Lowering the price of both disposable and system razors.

Propose the brand name through following the different cultural aspects of different segments and sub-segments.

Launching product variation to attack the competitors.

Its market strategy will be between the middle of company growth and the customer satisfaction.

Conclusion:
According to the above recommendations Gillette may achieve its desired objectives and fruitful their demand to the market but its overall strategy should be focusing on its building brand name as well as adding value with the product with minimum price in order to reach its desired destination.